Centipedes, Millipedes and Roly-Polys, Friend or Foe?

Garden centipedes, millipedes, sow bugs, and pill bugs or roly-polys are unusual arthropods. Sow bugs and pill bugs are actually crustaceans (related to shrimp, crabs, and lobsters). None of these pests transmit diseases to plants, animals, or humans. They don’t damage furnishings, homes, or food — but they can frighten people.

Overview of common terrestrial arthropods: millipedes, centipedes, sowbugs (woodlice), and roly-polys (pill bugs)

An overview of common terrestrial arthropods such as millipedes, centipedes, sowbugs (woodlice), and roly-polys (pill bugs) reveals their diverse roles in garden ecosystems. Millipedes and sowbugs are vital decomposers, breaking down decaying plant matter and enriching soil with organic material.

Centipedes, with their flattened bodies and venom glands, prey on small insects and contribute to controlling pest populations. Roly-polys, known for their ability to roll into a ball for protection, also feed on decaying vegetation and provide a food source for other animals in moist environments.

Understanding their life cycles and interactions with plants helps manage their presence beneficially in gardens.

Importance of understanding their roles in ecosystems and potential impacts on gardens and homes

Understanding the roles of centipedes, pill bugs, roly polys, and garden millipedes in ecosystems is crucial for managing their potential impacts on gardens and homes. These arthropods play vital roles in decomposing organic matter like decaying plant material and leaf litter, which enriches soil health.

While some, like centipedes, control small insect populations beneficially, others such as pill bugs may eat seedling plants or become pests in compost piles. Balancing their presence helps maintain biodiversity and supports natural pest control strategies, contributing to overall garden and home ecosystem health.

Garden Millipedes

Some folks confuse millipedes with centipedes. These two groups of many-legged, creepy-crawlies belong to different arthropod classes. The obvious differences:

• Millipedes have 2 pairs of legs per segment, a feature that gave rise to its class name of Diplopoda.
• Centipedes only have a single pair of legs per segment.
• Millipedes are vegetarians while centipedes are carnivores.

Get a load of those legs The name MILLIPEDE comes from the Latin word mille, meaning a thousand, and pedis, meaning foot. While these creatures do have a lot of legs, none actually have a thousand. There are lots of species (6,000+) and the number of legs varies considerably.

One source says the highest number of legs known for any millipede is 710. A garden milipede can live from 5 to 7 years. They are detrivores, which means they feed on decaying plant matter. These little beauties produce new legs almost every time they shed their exoskeletons.

They give off a strong-smelling, stomach-irritating chemical when interfered with. If eaten they cause vomiting.

Being vegetarians, millipedes eat plant matter Some feed on decomposing vegetation and fallen fruit while others will occasionally damage seedling plants by consuming stems and leaves. They eat all kinds of potatoes, flower bulbs, and tubers. They live in the garden in areas of moist mulch, compost, and lawn thatch. The females lay between 50 to 100 eggs a year and live for about 3 years.

Millipedes have a tendency to wander indoors in the late fall, in search of somewhere to overwinter. BLACK MILLIPEDE (Tachypodiulus niger) looks like a length of black, armoured pipe and coils stiffly like a watch spring. SPOTTED MILLIPEDE (Blaniulus guttulatus) has a row of reddish spots along each side of its yellow body.

Garden Centipedes

Centipedes are worm like, with flattened bodies. They belong to a group called Chilopods. Color can be brown, gray, red, or greenish-blue. with many body segments.

Most of the body segments have one pair of legs. Centipedes are fast runners and may vary in length from 1 to 6 inches. They have one pair of antennae or “feelers” that are easily seen.

Centipedes have poorly developed eyes and are most active at night. They are predators and feed mainly on insects and spiders. Best rule of thumb? Never handle centipedes.

Centipedes do have the first pair of appendages modified into claws, which can inject poison through their venom glands to immobilize their prey. The larger centipedes can bite people and they emit an irritating fluid that can cause an allergic reaction.

Centipedes prefer moist, protected habitats and are delighted with spaces under stones, rotted logs, leaves, or bark. They spend the winter as adults and lay eggs during the warm months. Indoors they may be found in closets and bathrooms where there is high humidity.

Garden centipedes usually lay 15-55 eggs clustered together, although the eggs of some species are laid alone. Eggs are usually laid in soil and covered by a sticky substance; they hatch soon after they are deposited. The female will usually guard the eggs and the newly hatched young.

Young centipedes closely resemble the adults and require 3 years to mature. Centipedes may live up to 6 years.

Are Pill Bugs Bad? Or Are Pill Bugs Good For Gardens?

Sow bugs in the garden and pill bugs (both also known as woodlice) are terrestrial crustaceans, and are related to lobsters, shrimp and crayfish. They are the only crustaceans that have adapted to living their entire life on land and they still have gills. The habits, biology, and control of sow bugs and pill bugs are similar.

Both animals are slow-moving, crawling arthropods and can appear in large numbers. They need a moist environment and are most active at night. During the day they rest under trash, rocks, boards, decaying vegetation, or just beneath the soil surface. Pill bugs roll up, sow bugs can’t The main differences between a sowbug and a pillbug:

• The sowbug possesses two tail-like appendages, seven pairs of legs, and well-developed eyes. They are incapable of rolling into a tight ball.
• Pill bugs (or roly-poly bugs in the garden) lack the tail-like appendages and can roll into a tight ball or “pill” shape when disturbed.

In both species breeding can occur throughout the year in mild climates. The female carries the eggs in a brood pouch on the underside of her body, with up to 200 eggs per brood. The eggs hatch in 3 to 7 weeks and the young remain in the pouch another 6 to 7 weeks.

Some species produce only one brood per year, but others may produce 2 or more. Individuals may live up to 3 years. What they eat At night they venture out and feed on decomposing organic material.

These insects will feed on the tender foliage, stems and roots of young garden vegetable transplants, seedlings, and bedding plants. They also rasp the outer skin of cucumbers lying on the ground in gardens, causing fruit to be deformed and blemished.

Mainly a nuisance, pillbug and sowbug control in the garden is not always necessary, as they cause little harm to plants. Most gardeners do not categorize these insects as pests, but think of them as beneficials for converting decayed vegetation into humus. However, if you notice pill bugs or sow bugs feeding on tender seedlings, you can refer to our list of insecticides for controlling them.

Ways to Control Garden Pests

Unless these guys are causing damage to your plants, they are ok to not bother them. But if you feel they are causing damage, look for natural insecticides that are labeled for these pests. Here are a few methods that can be tried to control millipedes, centipedes, sow bugs, and pill bugs in the garden organically without the use of pesticides:

• Reduce moist areas in the garden where eggs overwinter.
• Rake out old mulch under plants and replace it with fresh mulch or straw.
• Move piles of leaves to a compost pile away from areas you want to keep insect free.
• Aerate your lawn to reduce thatch that could provide a damp home.
• Next, pour wood ash into their nest area to dry out soil and create an uninhabitable area. Be careful because a large amount of wood ash is toxic to your soil and garden.

Chickens are great biological control for millipedes, centipedes, sow bugs, and pill bugs, as well as a wide variety of other pests. Chickens are voracious eaters and spend most of their day wandering around looking for little moving critters they can eat.

Control Millipedes, Centipedes, Sow bugs and Pill bugs indoors

A heavy infestation indoors usually indicates a large population outdoors. Please consider your pest control and integrated pest management (IPM) solutions. To keep millipedes, centipedes, sowbugs and pillbugs from coming indoors, move their habitats (compost piles, firewood, and stones) away from the house.

Items that cannot be removed should be elevated off the ground. Create a band of gravel between your house foundation and flowerbeds. All these arthropods require moisture and do not survive indoors for more than a few days. Sweep them up with a broom or vacuum them.

To combat serious infestations, seal cracks in your outside foundation, and around the bottoms of doors, and basement windows.

While these insects can be scary, they are not so bad

Though they may “freak us out”, millipedes, sow bugs, and pill bugs assist us by eating decomposing, organic matter as their primary food source. The centipede eats aphids and other soft-bodied insect pests. It is not necessary to do anything to control these insect populations unless they are actively damaging your young seedlings.

Some folks have taken to making millipedes pets! There is always something new and fascinating when it comes to nature.

Friend or Foe? The Role of These Arthropods in Gardens

Benefits of millipedes, centipedes, sowbugs, and roly-polys in garden ecosystems

Millipedes, centipedes, sowbugs, and roly-polys play beneficial roles in garden ecosystems by aiding in the decomposition of leaf litter and organic matter, enriching soil fertility.

Centipedes, with their predatory habits on small insects, help control pest populations naturally, contributing to plant health. Roly-polys and sowbugs recycle decaying plant material, supporting nutrient cycling in damp soils, while millipedes improve soil structure through their burrowing activities.

Understanding their diverse roles can help maintain a balanced garden environment conducive to plant growth and ecosystem sustainability.

Potential issues and challenges they may pose to plants or structures

While millipedes, centipedes, sowbugs, and roly-polys provide beneficial roles in gardens, they can pose challenges. Pill bugs, for example, may eat tender plant seedlings, while centipedes and millipedes might disturb plant roots in damp soil.

Roly-polys can accumulate in moist areas and occasionally invade structures. Understanding these potential issues helps gardeners manage and balance their presence effectively for plant and structural health.

Integrated pest management strategies: when and how to manage populations if necessary

When managing populations of millipedes, centipedes, sowbugs, and roly-polys in gardens, integrated pest management strategies are crucial.

Monitoring their presence and population density helps determine if action is necessary, such as reducing leaf litter or providing alternative habitats to discourage pests like pill bugs from feeding on plants.

Implementing natural predators such as praying mantises or adjusting moisture levels can also help maintain a balanced garden ecosystem without resorting to chemical controls.

FAQs about Millipedes, Centipedes, Sowbugs & Roly-Polys – Friend or Foe?:

• Are pill bugs and sowbugs destructive pests in gardens?

• How can I manage centipedes and millipedes in my garden?

  • Centipedes and millipedes are beneficial as they prey on small insects and help decompose organic matter. To manage their populations, maintain good garden hygiene by reducing leaf litter and damp spots where they thrive.

• Do roly-polys (pill bugs) eat plant roots?

• What are natural predators of garden millipedes and sowbugs?

  • Natural predators include predatory beetles, spiders, and ground beetles, which help keep populations of garden millipedes and sowbugs in check.

• How can I attract praying mantises to control pests like centipedes?

• Are millipedes and sowbugs attracted to moisture in gardens?

• Do centipedes pose any risks to humans or pets?

  • While centipedes can bite if handled, their venom is usually not harmful to humans and pets, though it may cause minor irritation. They are generally more beneficial than harmful in garden ecosystems.

Photo Credits and Resources

• Armadillidium vulgare by Joseph Berger, Bugwood.org
• Porcellio scaber by Joseph Berger, Bugwood.org

Read more about Integrated Pest Management in our Resource Center.